Ambassadors Essay Example for Free

Envoys Essay Mavromati Panayiotis Karafotias IREL-480-9 For my paper I chose to expound on the envoys of Denmark, The United States of America and Uruguay. His Excellency Mr. Tom Norring, the represetative of Denmark, was one of the ambassador’s to come this semester. He chose to concentrate his discourse not on his nation however more on the worldwide monetary emergency and how it influenced Greek economy. He said that even without the emergency the circumstance in Greece would have been muddled. Regardless of the way that Maastricht Treaty permits the GDP shortage in European nations not over 3% Greece had deficiency 6-7%. Minister said that in 2006-2007 the administration of Kostas Karamanlis figured out how to limit the shortfall to the adequate level, however later in 2008 they fizzled. Karamanlis trusted that he would be reappointed and he vowed to limit the shortfall, however individuals lost confidence in him. Later George Papandreou uncovered the new data about the deficiency. The shortfall for that time was not 8% however 12%. Furthermore, accordingly the salvage program was built up by the European Union. So Greece took course to the EU and the IMF. They needed a hard money and the EU and IMF attempted to help with it. At that point the rebuilding reserve was set up. The open costs must be cut. As envoy said â€Å"Greece has one of the greatest open administrations† and the cutting of open division costs will assist with diminishing the deficiency. He likewise called attention to that 25% of Greek economy is dark economy. The just a single thing which he said about his nation was that the Denmark isn't the piece of Eurozone. One reason I appreciated the discourse of Danish represetative was on the grounds that he appeared to be straightforward when discussing the point. When giving his discourse, he gave individual models and consistently alluded to the crowd. The subsequent diplomat was the minister of Uruguay, his Excellency Mr. Jose Luis Pombo Morales. He chose to concentrate his discourse on his nation and its relations with Greece and other European nations. Mr. Jose Luis Pombo Morales, discussed political framework in Uruguay, that it is aâ representative democraticâ republic with aâ presidential framework. Likewise, he revealed to us that, the individuals from government are chosen for a five-year terms by aâ universal suffrageâ system. Uruguay is aâ unitary state: equity, training, wellbeing, security, international strategy, guard are totally managed across the nation. The Executive Power is practiced by theâ presidentâ and aâ cabinetâ of 13 priests. In addition to that, Mr. Envoy discussed Uruguay as one of the greatest fleece and meat exporter to the EU nations. Mr. Jose Luis Pombo, told the crowd, that Uruguay is one of the most financially created nations in South America, with a high GDP per capita and the 52nd highestâ quality of life indexâ in the world. Uruguay is appraised as the second least degenerate nation in Latin America (behind Chile), despite the fact that Uruguay scores extensively superior to Chile on local surveys of defilement discernment. Its political and work conditions are the most significant level of opportunity on the mainland. The third represetative, I need to discuss, is the minister of the United States of America, his Excellency Mr. Daniel Smith. Diplomat concentrated his discourse on Greek-Turkish relations and budgetary emergency. His discourse was conciliatory, and attempted to keep lack of bias, when a few understudies asked him inquiries about issues in Libya and Greek-Turkish clashes. In any case, Mr. Smith, gave exceptionally clear thought, about the USA and its remote relations. Moreover

Diagnostic Summary Paper AUTISM Essay Example For Students

Indicative Summary Paper AUTISM Essay Mental imbalance is a confusion that disables the improvement of a people ability to interface with, speak with, and furthermore keep up ordinary typical bonds with the outside world. This issue was depicted in 1943 by Leo Kanner, an American therapist. Chemical imbalance is viewed as one of the more typical formative inabilities, and shows up before the age of three. It is known to be four or multiple times more typical in guys than in females. It most refered to measurement is that mental imbalance happens in 4. 5 out of 10,000 live births. The gauge of youngsters having mentally unbalanced characteristics is accounted for to be 15 to 20 out of 10,000. The sexual orientation explanation noted before isn't unprecedented, since numerous formative inabilities have a more noteworthy male to female proportion. Mentally unbalanced qualities are not quite the same as birth. Two more regular attributes that might be displayed are the angling of the back while being held, to maintain a strategic distance from contact, and furthermore neglecting to foresee being gotten (flaccidness in the body). Babies with mental imbalance are depicted as being either extremely uninvolved, or upset. Now and then during outset there will be instances of head shaking, or potentially slamming, against the bunk, yet this isn't generally the situation. Around 33% of kids create ordinarily until the ages of 1/2 to 3, and afterward the side effects develop, alluded to as backward mental imbalance. During adolescence, there is a shared trait of the influenced kid demanding daily practice. The thinking is that the youngster is not ready to adapt to novel circumstances. Wearing a similar garments, or eating similar nourishments during dinners, are models. Fits can happen when these perseverative practices happen. Twenty years back, most medically introverted people were systematized. Presently just the most serious cases live in establishments. During adulthood, mentally unbalanced people are known to live with their folks, in private establishments, and some live autonomously. Since there are such huge numbers of types of this issue, it has been said that there is no evident modifier to portray each kind of individual with mentally unbalanced indications, or chemical imbalance. My exploration shows that there are no physiological tests that can be performed to decide if an individual has chemical imbalance. The finding is given when an individual displays the qualities of the clutter. Note: Over the most recent five years, analysts have concurred that those who show medically introverted attributes are normally experiencing other related yet particular issue, for example, Asperger Syndrome, Fragile X condition, Landau Kleffner disorder, Rett condition, and Williams condition. Physiological scientists include found anomalies inside the cerebrum, in any case, the explanation behind the variations from the norm isn't known, and it isn't known where the connection to mental imbalance lies. These anomalies extend from immature zones in the limbic framework, to Vernal lobules VI and VII, being littler than normal. Biochemical research has discovered raised beta- endorphins, identifying with torment resistance in mentally unbalanced activity. In the intellectual domain, there is a lot of discussion of the hypothesis of psyche, or the failure to understand that others have their own exceptional perspective on the world. A few Psychological scholars feel that the mentally unbalanced individual isnt ready to comprehend that others have various considerations, plans, and points of view than their own. Subjective scholars additionally look at the 10% measurement of academic aptitudes, a capacity that is viewed as exceptional by most measures. These intellectual aptitudes are normally spatial in nature. Intercessions and treatments are troublesome. Family scholars attempt to work with the group of the patient, to attempt to create suitable practices. There is no revealed sedate that can be viewed as essential for the patient, in spite of the fact that Ritalin is apportioned in numerous cases. Behaviorists take a gander at the changing of conduct through positive fortification, conduct break, and thus inspect the self-stimulatory furthermore, self-harmful practices. .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .postImageUrl , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:hover , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:visited , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:active { border:0!important; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:active , .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud5c5f97f cb5baa0656234d76798d24dd .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud5c5f97fcb5baa0656234d76798d24dd:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus Rex6 Essay Physiological work, for example, visual preparing, what's more, sound-related incorporation preparing, is utilized to decrease sensitivities to sounds better than average range, or to sounds the patient can think about agonizing. With regards to mental imbalance, the most significant thing to recollect is that guardians and specialists in the clinical field are presently understanding that there can be medications, and intercessions, that can be powerful. Likewise, note that Federal Law presently requires the states to give early intercession administrations for medically introverted youngsters between the ages of one to three. The administrations exist to give instruments to build up the kids scholastically, and socially. Words: 714 .

How to Write a Journal Article Review

How to Write a Journal Article ReviewWriting a journal article review can be a fun and educational thing to do. This is the process of writing and publishing a review of an academic work, e-book, or even a book. This technique is popular with writers, authors, and educators for several reasons.One reason that article reviews are so popular is because this type of writing is both fun and educational. For example, if you are a freelance writer or an author with a published e-book, then writing a review for someone else's work could be the perfect way to bring your name to the attention of readers. It could also be a great way to get paid for writing and posting reviews on other peoples' web sites. If you are still working on getting your e-book out into the world, then you could possibly write a few reviews that will entice readers to purchase your e-book.Another reason that writing an article review is such a good thing to do is because it gives you the opportunity to pass your knowle dge on to others. In essence, you have the opportunity to help other people get their works published in more places and be the more helpful type of writer. You may even be able to help other writers get their work published or offered in a more visible place. You could even write a few reviews to give out to colleagues. Writing an article review could be a great way to motivate yourself to get that job you have always wanted.Writing an article review can also be a great way to get more traffic to your website. For instance, if you write a lot of articles about different subjects and you have a blog, then writing a review for the best books or e-books in that subject area can be an interesting thing to do. Not only will it help get your name out there, but it will also get people to visit your site. Of course, you can choose to write the review in the style of a conventional article. You could even include in it some keywords or key phrases that your readers will be able to find whe n they are searching for the content you have written.Writing an article review could also be a good way to let other people know what you think about their work. If you have an article that you have written yourself, then you can post it as a review. You can even give it to an e-book or academic work, so that readers can see the various different points that you have made about the book. You could even create a forum for readers to post their own reviews of works of your own in your signature box at the end of your article.The beauty of this style of writing is that it is not too difficult to do. All you have to do is write the article, upload it to a site that can do it, and submit it to a service or publication. Then when they accept it, you just need to print it out and put it in your library. You could also have the article reviewed by someone who is a professional.In summary, writing a journal article review can be a fun and educational thing to do. In addition, it is also a g reat way to pass your knowledge on to others. You can also use it to promote yourself to potential clients and also to get other people's work published in more places. Finally, writing an article review can be a great way to motivate yourself to get a job you have always wanted.

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Same Sex Marriage Is Immoral And Unnatural - 990 Words

In recent years, same-sex marriage has become a more controversial topic on whether it’s right or wrong. People should not feel coerced to agree with something they believe is wrong; clearly, same-sex marriage is immoral and unnatural. Many complications come with same-sex marriages including financial pressures, social pressures, moral pressures, and health risks. Many people believe in a traditional marriage between a man and a woman. God created man and woman to be faithful and produce children. Same-sex marriage is contrary to the word of God and the laws of nature; therefore, it is incompatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups. Many biblical scriptures talk about how immoral same-sex marriage is. For example, Leviticus 18:22 states, â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination†. Marriage is a privilege, not a right. It is not correct to redefine marriage away from the original meaning. Although i t may have been a questionable business decision at the time, the founders of Chick-fil-a took a stand on their Christian beliefs and close on Sundays allowing their employees to spend time with their families and attend church. They also created a media frenzy by taking a stand against same-sex marriage with the surprising outcome that the normal population showed extreme support for them. It was extremely difficult and took quite some time to successfully legalize same-sex marriage in every state. AfterShow MoreRelatedWhy Shouldn’t Tommy and Jim Have Sex? An Essay by John Corvino859 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Corvino’s essay, â€Å"Why Shouldn’t Tommy and Jim Have Sex?† he advocates his argument that gay sex is not â€Å"unnatural† in any moral way. However, this argument is easy to critique when considering opposition from natural law theorists, democracy, and other perspective ideas. In order for Corvino to make his position that gay sex is not morally â€Å"unnatural†, he must first respond to several arguments. Many natural law theorists believe that sexual organs should only be used for three distinctRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage in India1534 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage in India Introduction Same-sex marriage is one of the most debated social topics in the world today especially with regards to equality and rights of such couples. There are a few countries that provide rights of full civil marriage to same-sex couples such as Belgium and Canada (Graff, 2004). Some other countries such as South Africa, Australia, and France amongst others provide such couples with civil union rights or legal partnership rights (Graff, 2004). The debate on whetherRead More Same-Sex Marriage Essays1127 Words   |  5 PagesSame-Sex Marriage The United States is known world wide for its civil rights and freedoms. Many Americans are appalled by the idea of same-sex marriages. What?s wrong with the idea of two people who care greatly for one another wanting to spend their lives together? The gay community is misunderstood because many straights are not willing to listen. These individuals would rather just be closed-minded in this situation and reticent to really think about what this means to the gay community andRead MoreHomosexuality And The Modern Day Civil Rights Movement1701 Words   |  7 PagesEverybody has their own reservations on homosexuality and the laws regarding homesexuality. Many people think of homosexuality as unnatural or a choice people make. There is also research being done to discover a gay gene to link homosexuality to birth. It is even considered that the battle for gay rights is the modern day civil rights movement. Just like in the 1960’s with African Americans, the government has began to regulate the personal lives of those who are openly homesexual. It is becomingRead MoreThe Prohibition Of Same Sex Marriage1326 Words   |  6 PagesGrisales, Estefania Philosophy Paper Tuesday, Thursday 11:15 AM Why Should People Interfere in Someone Else’s Decision of Who to Love?: Same-Sex Marriage In this paper, I argue against the prohibition of same-sex marriage. To begin, the prohibition is a violation of personal freedom. We should respect the freedom each human has to choose who they want to love and who they want to spend their lives with; why should it be somebody else’s decision when is a personal life. Furthermore, it is importantRead MoreReligion And The Civil Rights Movement954 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement. Contrary to the recent successes of the gay rights movement, there have been a lot of obstacles along the way and most of them have been due to religious beliefs and practices. Religion opposes gay rights, especially gay marriage on the basis that it immoral and unnatural, it is against the word of God and it is incompatible with religious beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups(Eskridge,15). On the other hand, religion more directly influences the outcome of the civil rightsRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why You Should Oppose Same-S ex Marriage Essay examples1267 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Speech: Same sex marriages General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade the audience to agree that same-sex marriages should not be legal Central Idea: The audience will realize the vices and social disorders created by legalization of same sex marriages in order to preserve marital norms INTRODUCTION I. Same sex marriage is a trending topic if not a trendy one. Countries throughout the globe are pressured with the question of homosexuality beingRead MoreMainstream Acceptance of Homosexuality in our Society Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyle by allowing same sex couples some of the rights afforded heterosexual couples. The idea of coming out of the closet has moved to the forefront of homosexual individuals when it used to be the exception. The Government of Canada has recently passed law making it illegal to discriminate against an individuals sexual preference. With this in mind, the government would then require all facets of society, including religious communities, to welcome the marriages, adoptions, and familiesRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?912 Words   |  4 Pages 2015, the day in which the Supreme Court declared that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to legally marry nationwide. Legalizing same-sex marriage has become a major poli tical issue and has caused many debates. Many believe that homosexuality is immoral and against the bible, while others think of it as just another way of living. Although every person has their own perspective, whether they are for or against same-sex marriage, it should not be looked down upon or disrespected for theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1188 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Henry Ms. Moraites/Ms. Powell ELA 10 15 April 2015 Same-Sex Marriage In today’s world the idea of same-sex marriage for same-sex couples has been largely denied by many states. A same-sex couple is when two individuals of the same sex either man or woman are involved in a relationship. However they are unable to make it official since marriage is one of many rights and opportunities denied to them in society. This topic is controversial because homosexuals are seen almost everywhere with prejudice

Sexism in Language free essay sample

The writing depicts the gender role in literature, how males are shown to be significantly more dominant, physically and mentally. Sexism in literature is ubiquitous, in literature and language, as well as semiotics in certain cases. Literature from the last two centuries demonstrates a progression. Females were originally portrayed as feeble minded, nimble and weak characters, with little or no dynamics to their personification. Males were shown to be strong, intelligent and domineering, and would be the ones who’d save females from all the unfortunate events in the story. In modern literature, males and females are often times, given equal consideration. Sexism is indeed, still present in modern literature; however, it has lessened considerably. The dominance of male in literature that reflects the society in each period of time which shows is inferior women is powerless against men. In the modern society women are more liberal and independent. The development of society conscious with the role of female and male differences, and the literature also adapts with the perception of the society with women’s role in the society. Sexism In Mainstream Literature In the past, sexism in literature is more drastically defined than that in modern literature. In the classic children’s tale â€Å"Little Snow-White†, the main characters, Snow White and the evil queen, are nothing but the subject of vanity. As time passes, female characters in literature have become much more personified, taking aspects of a human’s personality instead of that of a vapid, imagined creature as portrayed in Tom Sawyer to a more recent novel, the House on Mango Street. In these novels, the women’s identities were not solely dependant on men and their actions. Women were more of human beings rather than just ornaments in the novels. In the Grimm Brothers’ â€Å"Little Snow-White†, the wicked queen is extremely obsessed with beauty. She is vain and goes to many extremes just to be â€Å"the most beautiful in the land†. The character of the queen portrays a one-dimensional female stereotype. She is only concerned about being the most beautiful woman in the whole kingdom. The Grimm’s brothers implied females’ dependence on the opposite sex. Before killing Snow White on her own, the queen first resorts to hire the huntsman to assassinate Snow White. Only once the male character has failed, due to compassion or possibly Snow White’s immaculate beauty, the queen then chooses to take matter into her own hands. The queen is sentenced to dancing to her death in â€Å"red-hot iron shoes†. The authors show negative sentiments towards females’ obsession with beauty. Snow White is the weak and gullible female figure. She seems to embody many female stereotypes that were commonly held during the time. She is only able to beg for mercy from the huntsman. It is because of her physical beauty that she is able to survive and persuade male characters to help her. The huntsman was unable to execute Snow White because her beauty charmed him; he was unable to harm her as indicated by the phrase â€Å"she was so lovely†. When beauty alone does not get her the help she needs, Snow White must resort to housekeeping in exchange for her survival. This implies that the men, the dwarves do not have the ability to effectively run a household. Though this does imply that a household requires two members of the opposite sex, the story of Snow White still revolves around her dependency on the prince’s aid. During her first encounter with the seven dwarfs, Snow White agrees to â€Å"cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit† in order to stay at their cottage in the forest. Snow White’s actions were what considered the appropriate female role of the time. Therefore, the Grimm Brothers’ â€Å"Snow White† portrays female characters as helpless, feeble, and beauty-obsessed creatures that would be deemed inappropriate if compared to literature of a later period. Written in the late 19th century, Mark Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer shows a progression of gender representation within literature through two primary female characters. Becky and Aunt Polly show more dynamic and depth in their personalities. The main character, Tom Sawyer, is allowed to freely act upon his desires as the two female characters adjust to him accordingly. Even with their limited roles and contributions to the main storyline, the characters of Aunt Polly and Becky indicate a significant advancement of female gender representation in literature. Aunt Polly is still portrayed as a caring mother figure compared to the evil Queen. Furthermore, unlike the passive and feebleminded Snow White, Becky can truly be considered a feminist with various emotional responses toward Sawyers actions. There is a dynamic contrast to the characters belonging to both sexes. Beckys role is mostly defined by her relationship to the male hero. She shows various dynamics throughout the novel. These emotions are markedly different from how Snow White was portrayed. While Snow White is not capable of emerging from her passive nature without the aid of her prince, Becky is able to experience, and show a variety of emotions. Still, Tom essentially dominates. The female characters in Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer seems to be depicted with more depth than the one-dimensional Snow White and the evil Queen. Regardless of their wider range of emotions, Twains female characters are still limited by the role assigned to them and are shallower characters compared to their male counterparts. The character of Esperanza in Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street marks yet another progression of female gender representation within the realm of literature. As Becky and Aunt Polly have shown more consciousness and emotions within their characters, Esperanza takes the matter further and represents the liberated women of the late twentieth century. She is set on establishing herself as a notable figure, despite her social limitations. For instance, Cisneros mentions that Esperanza wants â€Å"a house of her own†¦ Not a man’s house. Not a daddy’s† . As a female character, she is independent, self-aware, and capable of making decision for herself. She is aware of the issue of gender equality and decides not giving in to such traditions that are symbolized by Mango Street itself. Unlike Snow White, and even Mark Twain’s Becky, Esperanza has â€Å"decided not to grow up tame like the others who lay their necks on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain†. Quite the contrary, she is the self-defined feminist whose goal is to spread her ideals and independent thinking to the other women who are still roped down by gender inequality. The representation of females in literature has changed and shifted throughout the years. Women are much more liberal and independent, which is parallel to society’s ever shifting norms. To write a book at contains a plotline similar to â€Å"Little Snow-White† or â€Å"Ashputtel†, will not be appreciated by many.

U.S. Constitution Essay Example For Students

U.S. Constitution Essay Ravi Purohit2/9/04PUB 1250The document I chose to write about is the United States Constitution. When the thirteen British colonies in North America declared their independence in 1776, they laid down that governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. The colonies had to establish a government, which would be the framework for the United States. The purpose of a written constitution is to define and therefore more specifically limit government powers. After the Articles of Confederation failed to work in the 13 colonies, the U.S. Constitution was created in 1787. The Constitution is important because it was expressly designed to limit powers into three co-ordinate branches, the legislative, executive, and judiciary branch; none of which was to have supremacy over the others. This separation of powers with the checks and balances which each branch was given over the others was designed to prevent any branch, from infringing individual liberties safeguarded by the Constitution. I think the U.S. Constitution was a way for the U.S. to establish government which was a negotiation between the two former governments, a monarchy and total state power. I think by creating the checks and balances, peoples rights would be safer and they would feel more secure not having one branch of government with absolute power. What I found most interesting about the Constitution was how complex and detailed the framers made it, to effectively explain and limit the individual branches of power in government. In the words of Thomas Paine, a government without a const itution is power without right. Meaning that for power to be granted, it is necessary to establish a constitution. We will write a custom essay on U.S. Constitution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Federalist Papers 10 ; 51 were essays which helped persuade the citizens of the United States to vote for the federal Constitution. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay used pseudonyms as their names to convince the public. Those who were skeptical of voting for a government, which had many different major powers, were reassured by the founding fathers in their speeches and conventions throughout the U.S. The importance of Constitution, both in its content and its status, is little appreciated by the general public. As citizens of the United States, we must never forget the basic fact that we have, as a price of social development and stability, have handed over a large amount of control over our lives to our government. And there is no government which can be trusted to function successfully and honestly without the discipline of clear constitutional rules laying down the essential principles to which government can be held accountable.

Problems With the New PSAT Your Questions, Answered

Problems With the New PSAT Your Questions, Answered SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board had some issues with the new PSAT, including late score reports from their Fall 2015 test. Here, we’ll talk about whether these problems will affect you, and we’ll point you in the right direction if you still have issues getting your scores. PSAT scores are especially important to high school juniors who are hoping to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. If you're a high school junior, you’ll want to make sure you read our NMS score section - we’ll answer all your questions about National Merit Semifinalist cutoffs. Finally, we’ll talk a bit about what this means for theCollege Boardin general. This isn’t the first problem that they’ve had with their standardized tests in recent years - could this delay in score reports speak to more serious problems with the maker of the SAT? Read on to find out! Slow Score Reports: What Happened? As you may already know, students who took the October 2015 PSAT had to deal with delayed score reports. These late scores were most frustrating for high school juniors who were hoping to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. Here's what happened: Over 4 million students took the new PSATin fall 2015and were supposed to get their scores back by the end of 2015. It turns out that scores weren't officially released until January of 2016, about a month later than expected. At the time of release,many students and counselors who were trying to access the site reported that it was running very slowly, probably due to heavy traffic. All in all, it sounds like it was a pretty frustrating experience. Perhaps even more frustrating?It seems that students are still having trouble accessing their scores, even after their official release. OnJanuary 21, some test-takers were told that their scores were still "delayed," and it would be another 5-7 days before they'd have access to them. The College Board explained that additional delays were due to their new online score report system. They claim that scores are indeed available, but new protocols for actually accessing the scores are â€Å"confusing† students and counselors. If you're looking for solutions, you've come to the right place. How Does This Affect You, and What Should You Do About It? This score report delay affected high school students who took the PSAT in October of 2015. If you haven't already, you may be anxious to check your PSAT for a variety of reasons. Here, we'll break down common issues you might run into if you can't get your scores, in addition to the steps you can take to remedy these issues. Problem #1: the Lack of Access to Your Scores Is Frustrating A lack of access to your scores won't affect your scores in any way nor will it affect your eligibility for the National Merit Scholarship. We can’t help you feel better - you’re right to be frustrated! - but knowing that a delay won’t affect any important outcomes might ease some of your frustration. Problem #2: You Were Hoping to Get Score Feedback to Prep for the SAT If you’re still waiting for your scores, try taking a College Board SAT practice test. You’ll end up with a head start in SAT prep! Just rememberthat the College Board switched over to the redesigned SAT starting in March 2016 and make sure to take one of the newpractice tests. Problem #3: You Can't Figure Out If You Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship This delay won’t affect your eligibility for the scholarship, but that doesn’t change the fact that you’re anxious to learn if you qualify. Remember, though, that it's impossible to know if you qualify before the NMSC sends out letters to semifinalists - score cutoffs change from year to year, so all cutoff parameters currently available are just estimates anyway. See our next section about steps to take to get your hands on your scores, and continue reading for more info about NMS score cutoffs. Here's everything you need to know to unlockaccess to that score report. What Can You Do to Get Your Scores? If you're still waiting for delayed PSAT scores, here are the steps you should take: Make sure you have your Access/ID Code for College Board's online score report system. If you don't have this code, you can call PSAT services at 866-433-7728. Some students reported logging into the score report system, only to see a prompt telling them that their scores were delayed or that there was no record of them taking a College Board test. If this happens to you,don’t panic. Either wait a couple of days and try again or call PSAT Services. If you aren't able to access your scores and need them ASAP for a particular reason, call PSAT services (see a pattern yet?) and ask if they can expedite them. Your high school guidance counselor is likely aware of these score issues, and may have more information about how they affect students at your particular school. If you have specific questions or concerns, make an appointment to check in with this counselor. What's the Deal With National Merit Scholarship Score Cutoffs? Now that you know what's going on with PSAT score delays, we can get to the juicy stuff: how can you figure out whether you qualify for the National Merit Scholarship? Just to make it clear again, delays in score reports will not affect whether you qualify for the NMS. In fact, semifinalists won’t be notified of their award status until early September 2016. Even though PSAT-takers won't get official notice of their scholarship status until later this year, you're probably wondering whether you can estimate your eligibility ahead of time. The bad news? Exact score cutoffs change from year to year. This year has been extra special because along with the SAT overhaul, there's been a total change in the PSAT as well - it's scored in a completely new way. The good news is that we've been keeping track of these changes and have come up with estimated score cutoffs for National Merit Scholarship eligibility. See ourestimated PSAT score cutoffs for each state, in addition to how they compare to the â€Å"old† PSAT scoring system cutoffs. What's Going on With the College Board? Should You Avoid the SAT? Hopefully, we’ve helped you plan how to get your hands on your scores, or at the very least, reassured you that you won’t experience any long-lasting consequences as a result of this delay.You may, however, be experiencing some bigger concerns about the maker of the PSAT and SAT after this fiasco. What does this delay say about the reliability of the College Board, if anything at all? First, you should know that the College Board is in the midst of a pretty significant transition -they moved from the SAT that most of you are probably most familiar with to a brandnew version of the test. January 2016 was the last month that the â€Å"old† SAT was administered. It makes sense that if there were to be technical glitches, they’d be happening now - when the College Board is switching over to a new test and new score report system. However,this transition doesn’t necessarily explain other recent issues that that the College Board has had, including: Dropping two sections of the 6/10/15 SAT test because of printing issues, leading to questions about the validity of students’ scores from that day Widespread cheating on the SATin countries where The College Board reuses previously administered tests, and cheating in the US due to a data breach Delays in reporting SAT scores to colleges, which led to issues for students who were hoping to make early application deadlines last fall So what do we think is going on? The College Board as a company might be experiencing general organizational, operational, and technical issues as they attempt to update themselves to stay relevant in the standardized testing business. These issues are major, yes, but they shouldn’t necessarily dissuade you from taking the SAT if it’s the right test for you. That being said, the new SAT is looking a lot more like the ACT than it used to - if you’re very concerned about technological issues and/or delays affecting your test or your scores, you might look into taking the ACT in addition to (or even in lieu of) the SAT. That doesn’t mean, however, that the ACT hasn’t had its fair share of issues and delays. Ultimately, here's our advice about the best approach to the SAT:take the test (or tests) that’s right for you. At a certain point, it seems that a degree of technological and organizational issues is unavoidable, but the College Board and the ACT do try to mitigate the effects their mistakes have on test takers. For example, during one of the last SAT crises (the printing issues in the 6/10/15 test), the College Board analyzed all viable options for responding, which included: A) Adjusting the curves on the exam B) Canceling all scores for the test C) Dropping the particular sections that were affected, and calculating scores based on students' performance on the other sections In this particular case, The College Board chose Option C - students didn't have to retake the test, and their scores weren't "docked" or otherwise affected. Each situation will be different, but in general, the College Board wants to make its test-takers happy - if students are suspicious of the SAT or think the College Board isn't reliable, fewer students will choose to take the test, and that's bad for business. What's Next? Chances are you're pretty interested in the National Merit Scholarship - perhaps you could use some more guidance when it comes to getting your hands on some of that college cash. Read about how to become a National Merit semifinalist and National Merit finalist. Check in on updated score cutoff estimates for the award. If you're looking for a one-stop read, you should definitely read our complete guide to the National Merit Scholarship competition and how to win it. Got your PSAT score, but not sure what to do with it? Check out our guide to understanding your PSAT score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

1867 reform act

In 1867 the second reform act was passed by Disraeli, there were many factors which brought about the reform act and public pressure was definitely one of them however there were other factors which helped the 1867 reform act to be passed, such as the conservatives being opportunists, the personal ambitions of Disraeli and also the fear of unrest that pushed the act to be passed. Public pressure had a large part to do with the passing of the 1867 reform bill in many ways. Most working class men at this time felt they were ready for the vote, this lead to the creation of pressure groups these would campaign for enfranchisement. In 1864 the national reform union was set up, this was mainly aimed at bringing the interests of the working and middle class men together in politics. Also created in 1864 was the reform league, although similar to the national reform union this was much more radical, it mainly aimed towards having universal male suffrage and a secret ballot. These groups would hold rallies of over 100,000 to try and put pressure on the government and get the bill passed, these groups doing this is significant evidence that public pressure could have been a large contributor to the passing of the act. It could also be argued that not only was the government being pressured into reform by these groups but it was scared of the repercussions and outbursts that could follow if the act was not passed. During this time Britain had gone through many difficult times such as , economic depression, a cholera epidemic and quite high unemployment. This would make the government anxious about the current temper of the general public and therefore wouldn’t want to upset them. An example of the public unrest would have been the Hyde park riots of 1867, where railings were ripped off windows were smashed and there was great uproar. This is then evidence that the bringing about of the 1867 reform act was also due to other reasons and not totally on pressure from the public, however it could be said that this fear of unrest was amplified by the pressure groups which would then suggest that public pressure was the main cause. Disraeli knew that to get this act passed and to stay in power he needed to take another step towards democracy, he wanted to attract the support of the back bench conservatives and the adullamites this is why the 1867 bill was much more moderate than the previous liberal 1866 bill. In the 1866 bill Gladstone had introduced the enfranchisement of people paying more than ? 7 in rent in the boroughs and ? 10 in the counties. This I believe was simply to radical and this is why I think it failed. The failure of the previous 1866 reform act by Gladstone I would say is also a contributor to the passing of the 1867 bill as people were not happy with this and therefore Disraeli saw his chance to strike and get the conservatives back into power. It could also be argued that the 1867 reform was pushed through as an opportunist act. At this time the conservatives had not been in power for over 20 years, at the time the liberal party was split, some wanting reform some not. The conservatives couldn’t miss this opportunity to get back into power or they could be out for another 20 years or even more. The death of Lord Palmerston in 1865 was a gateway as he had previously been the barrier to the idea of reform. The liberal party then didn’t sort out there problems and their government collapsed, this was when Disraeli saw the real opportunity and he put the conservatives in power in 1867. I would say that the opportunist mind of Disraeli and the conservatives was a large contributor of the passing of the act as if Disraeli hadn’t of seized the opportunity when the liberals were weakened he may have never had the chance. In conclusion I would argue that yes the pressure of the people on the government was large contributor to the bringing in of the reform act however it was not the only thing pushing for the act to be passed, conservative opportunism and fear of riot and revolt are just two other reasons that could have considerably helped to pass the 1867 reform bill.

Research methods - Literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research methods - Literature review - Assignment Example The tone of the article also supports that he is addressing the literate class. In addition, the literature review presented is well referenced using footnotes, a factor that ascertains that it is scholarly. The author explores the balancing and bandwagoning, as the two options that states have during conflicts. Schweller seeks to highlight the factors that motivate states to settle for any of the two alternatives. His thesis is very evident that balancing and bandwagoning are not opposites, and a range of different factors motivates states adopting either of them. The goals of balancing and bandwagoning are different as well, with states opting for bandwagon to gain something, while the purpose of balancing is ensuring that values are protected (p. 75). From the literature review, it becomes evident that many scholars have not focused on exploring the issue of bandwagoning effectively. The author highlights that other authors who have tried to explore this topic previously have misconceived the concepts of bandwagoning. The literature review highlights that rewards are of central significance to states that opt for bandwagoning. It emerges that other reasons also prompt states to consider bandwagoning as the preferred option. The theory of the balance of interests is more realistic in explaining bandwagoning (p. 100). Schweller believes that the topic of bandwagoning has not been explored as it deserves. This is because the balancing theory that has often been used in explaining this concept seems insufficient. Moreover, the goals of bandwagoning have not been explained in details as required. He discerns the need for the development of new theories that can effectively explain the concept (p. 105). In his literature review, he focuses on filling this gap. He does this by reviewing the balancing theory, and explaining the reasons that prompt states to opt for bandwagoning. He

Culture of a place in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of a place in California - Essay Example During and after the WWII, there was immense growth as entrepreneurs boosted the economy which is still running as military, tourism, defence industries, manufacturing, and international trade. A number of cultural groups and monuments exist in California throughout the history. San Diego has been a very lively and energetic city because of its people. It consists of people who migrated from several different areas and formed their communities in the city in order to earn money and send back home to their families. These individuals eventually migrated to the city with their families and the economy boosted. Today, the city is full of entrepreneurs, cheap labour, artists, and several communities that make San Diego what it is. The Californios community took hold of a numerical majority in 1848 as they owned a major part of the property and secured the social and cultural recognition; however they failed to take control of the political system and thus by 1860, the area had declined economically. The Hispanics made huge breakthroughs in the WWI in San Diego farm districts. Their skills, experiences from military, and contacts lead to profits and improved the economy (Lockwood 95). Many other cultural groups that settled in San Diego were mainly in order to boost the economy. San Diego also welcomed the Chinese immigrants in the 1860s as they settled in two fishing villages; Point Loma and New Town. These Chinese immigrants became the pioneers in 1860s in the industry and their peak time was in the 1880s. By the 1890s, the Chinese settled and found more jobs in the fishing industry as well as the service industry, railroad construction and general construction, merchandising, and food industry. District associations, family associations, business guilds, and secret societies were eventually formed. San Diego consists of several Chinese immigrants who have now achieved the status of a community and are

Discrimination in Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Th

Discrimination in the Short Stories, Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and The Lottery The trait of discrimination is the basis for the stories, Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Lottery. Discrimination is when someone is hated or acted upon negatively for the reason of race, sex, or nationality. In the short stories the author's feelings of discrimination are expressed through the characters differently. In these stories the author has his own feelings and thought depicted through the characters. By the popular theme of discrimination and racism it suggests that these stories were written in the late sixties early seventies. In the story Harrison Bergeron the whole country is handicapped except for one individual. The one person is Hazel who is thoug...

Travelling Essay

As for me I prefer to learn about the world travelling.Millions people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. It's always interesting to discover new things and different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different music.Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City residents usually like a quiet holiday by the sea and in the mountains with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lay in the sun.Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interest them – the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests, different kinds of t rees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they had.People travel by train, by plane, by ship or boat and by car. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and preferences. The fasters way of travelling – is travelling by plane, but in my opinion the most comfortable is travelling by ship and the cheapest is travelling on foot.If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel and the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own homes.Nowadays people mostly travel by air, as it's the fastest means of  travelling. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport 2 hours before departure time on international fligh ts and an hour on domestic flights, as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport formalities. Before passengers get on board the plane, they have to register their luggage. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.Landing formalities and custom regulations are more or less the same in all countries: while still on board the plane the passengers are given arrival cards to fill in. After the passengers have disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. Then the passengers go to the custom for an examination of their luggage. As a rule personal belongings may be brought in duty-free. In some cases the custom inspector may ask you to open your bag for inspection.As for me, I prefer to travel by plane. And now I would like to tell you about my first travelling by plane. It was in 1998 when I travelled to Italy. I travelled without parents, but with guide and other children. I don't remember exactly how much time it took to fly from Minsk to Venice, but I think it must be about 2 or 3 hours.During the flight I communicated with my neighbours, I admired the view from my window and slept a bit. When we are were landing in Venice I looked out of my window and saw the entire city at my hand. It isn't true, that there is no one road in Venice, but only water channels. I can say that only the third part of the city is covered with water. Then the plain landed. So, it was my first travelling by plane.And in the end I'll say that traveling is a nice hobby and a great thing if you want to know more about the world and certainly if you are studying a foreign language.

Aristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay - 1749 Words

In our society today, we are mostly challenged by two questions: ‘is it right to do this or that? And ‘how should I be living in society?’(Bessant, 2009). Similar questions were greatly discussed in the history by our ancestors in their philosophical discussions. The most ancient and long-lasting literature on moral principles and ethics were described by Greek philosopher Aristotle. He had an excellent command on various subjects ranging from sciences to mathematics and philosophy. He was also a student of a famous philosopher. His most important study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, which has been greatly influencing works of literature in ethics and heavily read for centuries, is believed to be†¦show more content†¦His father died in his earlier days, leaving Aristotle to be raised by his guardian. At the age of 17, he was admitted into Platos academy. Plato was also one of the most renowned philosopher s. He served for the purpose of edification of the Alexander the Great. At the age of 49, Aristotle started his own school and named is ‘Lyceum’. When Alexander died, Aristotle escaped to Athens fearing life attacks. In 322 B.C, Aristotle died. He was at the age of 62 when he died. He is honored to be author of ‘The Nicomachean Ethics,’ which was in fact the 1st book ever written on the subject of ethics. The book is greatly influential, even in modern times. By an analysis of Aristotle’s literature, it can be observed that he primarily focused on preaching to be ‘virtuous’ rather than focusing on the theories of what ‘virtue’ is. According to him, in whatever way we choose to act, some action that is focused on achieving the desired end result or ‘good’ results comes from that person’s own perspective. Aristotle claimed that the maximum good which a person have desire to achieve is basically an end-point itself , a person’s action or struggles is for achieving that ‘end-point’, it may be regarded as a point of maximum satisfaction. Aristotle critically concluded that the happiness of a person satisfies these conditions completely, and hence the highest attainable good is rega rded as happiness. Plato wasShow MoreRelatedAristotle on the Nature of Happiness and Virtue1265 Words   |  5 Pages Maybe it’s not clear for many people but, for me it is. Happiness does not depend on what we have; happiness comes from us our soul. Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Virtue, which Aristotle believes that is the balance between two excesses, and definitely achieved by maintaining the mean. Aristotle always asks what the ultimate purpose of human existence is. Everywhere we see people seeking pleasure, wealth, and a good reputationRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness And Moral Virtue Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesTiverio Madrigal Landa Philosophy 002 October 13, 2016 Happiness and Moral Virtue Every few decades, an individual revolutionizes the way that we think and perceive the world. During the year 300 B.C., the foundation of philosophy was started by Aristotle and his learning from Plato and Socrates. A few centuries later, Thomas Hobbes beliefs challenged Aristotle s views. At the time, it was not known that their ideas would revolutionize the way we see the world around us today. Even though theyRead MoreHappiness Is an Activity Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss Aristotle’s claim that happiness is a kind of activity and not a momentary pleasure. Some people might worry that Aristotle is wrong in making this claim by presuming that happiness is a state of mind rather than a constant pursuit in which a person must actively strive for throughout the entirety of ones life. I will argue that Aristotle is correct when he declares that happiness is a kind of activity that we strive for and ultimately attain throughout the entirety ofRead M oreEssay Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle1464 Words   |  6 Pages An Exposition of Aristotelian Virtues In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores virtues as necessary conditions for being happy. A virtuous person is a person with a disposition toward virtuous actions and who derives pleasure from behaving virtuously. Aristotle distinguishes between two types of human virtue: virtues of thought and virtues of character. Virtues of thought are acquired through learning and include virtues like wisdom and prudence; virtues of character include bravery andRead MoreThe Philosophies Of Aristotle And Confucius978 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is virtue? The philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius establish virtue as a moral trait that encompasses love, courage, good manners, and happiness. To achieve virtue, one must display qualities of altruism and promote benevolence in every action. The virtuous person lives by a high moral standard that is achieved through the habitual conditioning of disposition. Temperament is trained by recurrently choosing the best course of action or the one that causes the least amount of pain or sufferingRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will focus on Aristotle’s claim that happiness is an activity and not just a momentary pleasure. Skeptics claim happiness is a state of mind and Aristotle is wrong to claim that happiness is an ongoing pursuit a person must actively strive for during one’s life. This paper argues that Aristotle is correct when he states that happiness is an activity, the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself that individuals strive for throughout the entirety of their lifetime and ultimatelyRead MoreArgument Analysis Of Aristotles Happiness As An Essential Purpose Of Human Life1219 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Thell Second Argument Analysis More than anybody else, Aristotle treasures happiness as an essential purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle was convinced that a sincerely happy life required the fulfillment of an extensive range of conditions, including physical and mental well-being. Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the mean. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue. What is the ultimate purpose of human existence? What is theRead MoreEssay about Confucius and Aristotle on Virtue953 Words   |  4 PagesConfucius and Aristotle on Virtue Lisa Wilson Dr. Malone Date 12/5/2015 Confucius and Aristotle are some of the greatest thinkers in the history of mankind. While Confucius was born in China and spearheaded a new way of perceiving morality, Aristotle was born in Macedon/Greece and also immersed his philosophical work to addressing moral thinking.Both philosophers have addressed similar subjects with major points of divergence and convergence.Read MoreVirtues Of Happiness Moral Ethics856 Words   |  4 PagesVirtues of Happiness Moral Ethics An individual’s virtue ethics does not depend on the society that they live in, the spirituality that they follow, or their culture/upbringing; but they depend exclusively on the individuals themselves. Aristotle introduced moral ethics theory in his Nicomachean Ethics books. The idea of ethics is questioning long term goals, ‘what sort of person do I want to be’ instead of instantaneous decisions that question ‘what should I do in this situation?’ Virtues areRead MoreMoral Virtues Between Aristotle And St. Thomas Aquinas1147 Words   |  5 Pagessuccinctly express and correlate the theories of moral virtues between Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, analysing and assessing how their beliefs have influenced European culture. Aristotle (384-322BCE) was an ancient Greek Philosopher who was a polymath and productive writer. Despite the fact that it can’t be positive it is commonly accepted the Nichomachean Ethics (NE) are his own works (IEP, 2005 ), and it is in Book Tow that the topic of virtue and moral values is one of several conferred. St.

Common Sense By Thomas Paine - 1244 Words

American Independance, Why They Should Thomas Paine, an English political philosopher and writer made his way to the colonies when his good friend, Benjamin Franklin convinced him to do so. He worked as an editor for the Pennsylvania Magazine. Although, published anonymously in 1776, Paine was the man behind Common Sense, a political pamphlet that was distributed between all the colonies and challenged the British government by suggesting American Independency. Paine wrote the Common Sense because in his mind he believed change needed to happen or that eventually change would come. He wanted to inform the common people of this possible independence , motivate them and wake them up from the existing dangers of staying under Great Britain.†¦show more content†¦Thomas Paine had much to say about Monarchy, the form of government the British go by. They appoint a King to make decisions, although the parliament does not allow him to know or decide anything. This method is useless and absurd. As hereditary succession is practiced, the King is never chosen by the people, the position is inherited, leading to extremely unfit Kings reigning the throne. How Paine puts it â€Å"†¦, hereditary succession can derive no glory† (81). In the eyes of the political philosopher, Great Britain simply protected us for her benefit and economic well being. The Continent had unnecessary quarrels with others due to her personal disputes with them. Paine emphasized that England could not possibly rule the Continent effectively as they were thousands of miles across the ocean. He mentioned the obstacles one would face on page ninety-two, â€Å" To be always running three or four thousand miles with a tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which, when obtained, requires five or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness.† If the colonies declared independence not only would they be at peace with France and Spain, leading to the e nd of unwanted wars, they too would have a local government where actions could be dealt with in days instead of months. there are individuals who justify the need toShow MoreRelatedCommon Sense by Thomas Paine859 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Common Sense† Common Sense is a pamphlet made in 1775-76 by Thomas Paine. This pamphlet inspired the thirteen colonies to declare war and fight for independence against Great Britain. It was straight forward and told Great Britain exactly the advantages of being independent from them. On January 10, 1776 during the American Revolution, the pamphlet was published and became a huge topic in the community. It was the biggest talk of the colonies. In proportion to the population, the book was the biggestRead MoreCommon Sense by Thomas Paine1396 Words   |  6 PagesCommon Sense was written by Thomas Paine and published in 1776. Paine wrote it as a plea for the American people to break away from Britain and to declare independence from the king. He was asking his audience to take a step back and see that just because something is tradition, does not mean it is necessarily right. Paine wanted to show his readers that government and society is not the same thing, which is how most people viewed it. Society was something that people should want to have, whileRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine957 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical pamphlet known as Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine in 1776. This pamphlet contributed in promoting the independence of America. In the pamphlet Thomas Paine challenged the American colonists to separate from England and create a democratic and independent society. Along with challenging the American colonists, he hinted at his own opinions about a democratic government that America should plan towards if they seek to separate from England. Thomas Paine also bluntly proposed thatRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine1574 Words   |  7 PagesCommon Sense was written by an Englishman, Thomas Paine, who came to the American Colonies in 1774. He had strong opinions about the British Monarchy – and monarchy in general – including the fact that by nothing more than an accident of birth one man had rule over so many other humans. He v iewed this elevation to monarch unnatural as all men are created equal. Additionally, Paine notes that â€Å"there is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of Monarchy; it first excludes a man fromRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine1036 Words   |  5 PagesCommon Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain. It was actually first published anonymously. Thomas Paine’s basic theme throughout Common Sense is that government is a â€Å"necessary evil†. His argument begins with more general reflections about government and religion, then progresses onto the specifics. There is a quote from the first page of Common Sense that lays out Paine s general conceptionRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine992 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica what it is today. Common Sense by Thomas Paine was inspiring to many American colonists as it was persuasive in showing how the colonists should have their own independence. Paine appealed the average citizen’s rationale, hence the title Common Sense. Paine’s pamphlet illustrates the importance of independence, and argues that colonial life under British rule was detrimental to America’s potential to become prosperous. In a fairly lengthy, but readable style, Paine discusses the differencesRead MoreThomas Paine And Common Sense1579 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Paine and Common Sense In colonial America, Britain’s colonies were subjected to many Parliamentary acts that were considered to be, by many of the colonists, oppressive. The Declaratory Act, the Coercive Acts, and numerous other tax-based acts were just a few of the many examples of the controlling behavior displayed by the British Parliament toward their North American colonies. This seemingly oppressive behavior by the British Parliament had not gone unnoticed by those outside ofRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine1438 Words   |  6 PagesKayla Boucher Doctor Hockin AMH 2010 22 January 2015 Common Sense The book Common Sense by Thomas Paine was an American pamphlet written during the American Revolution, which was around the time when America was trying to gain independence from Britain. Paine discusses government, religion, and colonial issues. In the first chapter Paine differentiates between the society and the government. He described the society as being positive and constructive and he described the government beingRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine770 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine first published Common Sense anonymously in 1776 and immediately became popular. I choose to read Common Sense by Thomas Paine, in order to know America and hopefully to understand the philosophy behind the founding of the country and how its government system was set up to function. In my opinion, one of the main reasons Thomas Paine’s pamphlet became favoured was because Paine used a lot of common sense opinions that most people could understand. In his pamphlet Common Sense, ThomasRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine934 Words   |  4 PagesCommon sense is a pamphlet created by Thomas Paine for the American colonies to get their independence from the British government and for the people to be able to choose the rulers or officials to govern over them. In Thomas Paine pamphlet he had four sections which where origin and design of government in which he states that elections where the right thing for any government because it represents the people, of monarchy and succession that lineage of kings should not be the head of government

Narni The Lion, The Witch, And Greek Myths - 1801 Words

Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Greek Myths The use of witchcraft has been around for centuries. Witchcraft was paired with the worship of Nature and pagan gods and goddesses. Just like there is a wide variety of people who call themselves witches, there is a wide variety of the types of witchcraft. People have many definitions for the word witch. Realistically speaking, witches do not wear all black with pointy hats and ride on broomsticks. Witches typically use witchcraft as part of worship or as a tool of communication with Nature and/or gods and goddesses. C. S. Lewis, the author of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe writes his story about: Four children in the magical world of Narnia filled with mythical creatures beyond a wardrobe door. In the book the children battle an evil witch who turned Narnia to an everlasting winter. With a lion named Aslan by the children?s sides, the children are able to defeat the witch and change Narnia back to what it once was. Lew is creates the White Witch, who relates to human and supernatural witches in mythology, to convey how witches have been perceives as evil and cunning, using their magic for selfish reasons, and were expected to act like so. Magic in ancient Greece was traditionally ?associated with foreign, distant places where the rules of civilization did not apply? (Segal 122). In fact, not only Greece, but ?Ancient Egypt, [Greece], and Rome treated magic as if it were science?

Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States Free Essays

string(41) " be discussed in more detail further on\." Chapter 1 Introduction: Slavery is one of the most controversial themes in the history of the United States; throughout much of the past century historians have debated, sometimes quite heatedly, various interpretations of this area. For the purpose of this dissertation, the personal relationships amongst the enslaved will be the subject being examined. Early research into the area on slave relationship tended to focus on the instability of slave families, The controversial Moynihan report of 1965 argued that the harsh regime of slavery shattered family ties of all that had been bound by it, and as a result the future generations of the ‘Negro Family’ lacked in strength and stability, Moynihan claimed that the majority of slave families â€Å"†¦developed a fatherless matrifocal (mother-centred) pattern†[as men were absent husbands and fathers. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elkins notorious study on Slavery in 1959 also negatively depicted slave relationships. Elkins compared slavery to the Nazi system of concentration camps, arguing that the enslaved were psychologically infantilized by the regime. Elkins’ argued that the totalitarian environment and â€Å"†¦absolute power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  held by the slave owners destroyed slaves capacity to resist the regime and form any sort of positive relationship with one another. Elkins asserted that the slave master was the only significant other in the life of a slave, and believed that significant bonds between slaves were unattainable. However, these views of slavery tended to focus on the perception of the slave owners and neglected the views of the enslaved. In the 1970’s new revisionist historians shifted to examining perspectives of the slave rather than that of the master, moving towards investigating ‘history from below’. The works of Gutman, Blassingame and Levine were of the first historians to look at slavery from this angle[5]; their works focused on the cultural aspects of the lives of the enslaved, a view that had been previously neglected. Similarities between their studies showed that cultural autonomy allowed slaves to distance themselves from the psychological pressures of the slavery regime and made it possible to establish and maintain positive, loving relationships. Gutman criticised the earlier orthodox views of slavery put forward by Elkins, Moynihan and Frazier, arguing that they did not appreciate the extraordinary â€Å"†¦adaptive capacities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  of the African American slaves in spite of the rigours imposed under slavery. The revisionist historians tended to focus on what Engerman referred to as â€Å"†¦the positive accomplishments of slaves under slavery.† However more recently historians have criticised this approach, believing that the resilience and autonomy of the slaves have been overstated, shadowing the harsh truths of slavery, Kolchin’s studies claim that revisionist historians have created â€Å"†¦an exaggerated picture of strength and cohesion of the slave community.† However one must note that by accentuating resilience and the desire for independence does not mean that historians are romanticising the whole regime of slavery and that the restrictions and exploitations imposed on slaves by their masters were not significant. Rather as West argues the fact that the enslaved strove for independence under the terrible hardships of the regime is of immense importance, since it â€Å"†¦highlights the desire for freedom within the context of the restraints imposed by slaveholders.† For slaves, spousal love and support was of vital importance in the fight for cultural autonomy and also to provide shelter and support from their bleak lives under bondage. This research project will further this perspective, in the attempt to show that the relationships between enslaved spouses facilitated the desire for and the development of a social space between the lives of slaves and owners and a means of resistance against oppression. This dissertation will attempt to show the strength slave relationships under and in spite of the harsh restraints of bondage. The chapters within this dissertation will look at enslaved courtship and marriage under the regime of slavery; each assessing the strength of these relationships in spite of the hardships and restrictions placed upon them. Slavery in America was present for almost two decades; it would difficult to adequately cover these issues for this entire period, for this reason this dissertation will focus on the antebellum period (1820-1860) of slavery which took place before the civil war. The significance of this period is that slavery had already been established and legislated for a long time thus providing historians with numerous sources of evidence in which to study. The limit of this period for one looking at cultural issues, is the fact that by this time there would be very few African born slaves; so this dissertation will be unable to look directly at the role played by native African slaves, as Kolchin argues that Antebellum period lacked the â€Å"†¦large-scale infusions from Africa that might have served to foster separate black cultural forms by reinforcing a cultural continuity with the traditions of their ancestors†.[11] The majority of the slaves in the antebellum period would have been born and brought up under the regime of slavery, however, this smaller scope of study should not be looked at negatively, as Levine argues that the slave culture is one of oral tradition, where culture was passed on from generation to generation by stories, songs and folk tales therefore African culture would still be relevant in the lives of Antebellum slaves.[12] As this dissertation is focusing on the antebellum period, it is limited to the Southern States of America as slavery had already been abolished in the Northern States. Although this may seem a broad geographical area, this dissertation will hope to prove that regardless of location the enslaved strove for the same autonomy to shape their own personal lives and relationships. American Slavery has been an area where sources of evidence has been heatedly criticised, the majority of early research into this topic was based primarily on ‘white’ sources which tended to rationalise the exploitation of their black counterparts. Other revisionist historians have focused on ex-slave testimonies which too have been criticised as being unreliable which will be discussed in more detail further on. You read "Slavery the most controversial themes in the history of the United States" in category "Essay examples" However this dissertation will draw from sources of oral testimony left behind by former slaves, as Frederick Douglass explains one â€Å"†¦cannot see things in the same light with the slave, because he does not, and cannot, look from the same point from which the slave does†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [13] The Works Progress Administration Narratives (which will be referred to as WPA throughout this dissertation) are a collection of other 2,300 interviews of former slaves from the southern states conducted from 1936-38. These interviews are of vital importance when investigating slavery from the perspective of the enslaved and gives historians insight into the personal lives of slaves which is neglected in the majority of ‘white’ sources. There is however many arguments against the reliability of these narratives, the main one is that over two thirds of the respondents were more than eighty when they were interviewed, it has been suggested that their memories of bondage would affected over time, and that they were only young children during the regime of slavery. West explains that even though the respondent memory may have dimmed with age, they still remembered â€Å"†¦a great deal about life under the peculiar institution† Moreover even if slave narratives weren’t perfectly recollected, the nature of the unique source still holds immense value to that of a historian. Another issue that has been noted is that many respondents would have been children at the time of slavery; this could be problematic when assessing courting and marital relationships as the former slaves could have possibly been too young to partake in these types of relationships themselves, however as previously mentioned Levine’s study shows American slave culture was one that rested on folk tales and the passing down of stories through the generations, therefore slave testimony on their parents and grandparents relationships will still be highly significant to this study. To end with Woodward brilliantly sums up that even though the WPA narratives are sometimes confusing and contradictory â€Å"†¦they represent the voices of the normally voiceless, the inarticulate masses whose silence historians are forever lamenting† Chapter Two â€Å"†¦Set Out to Play an’ Court all Dey Pleased†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : Courtship among the enslaved. As detailed in the introduction this dissertation will examine the personal relationships in which slaves participated; in the attempt to show the strength of these relationships and also the degree in which slaves strove for the autonomy from their masters to develop and maintain these relations. This chapter will examine the role of courtship amongst the enslaved, although there has been much more recent research into the ‘romantic’ lives of slaves since the wave of revisionist historians in the 1970’s, courtship has been looked at as a ‘mere passage instead of its own social event’; historian’s have either overlooked this area completely or merged it into a broader study of marriage. This chapter will detail early historical views of enslaved courtship before discussing the variety of restrictions which were in place to hinder courtship before finally discussing the ways in which the enslaved managed to create meaningful relationships of the ir own. By the antebellum period slavery had become institutionalised across the American South, slaveholders were increasingly concerned with controlling every aspect of their ‘properties’ lives, especially that of sexual unions. This is due to the abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in 1808, which stopped any more African people being imported as slaves; hence the sexual unions that slaves created became increasingly important to slaveholders to insure that they would have future generations of slaves to perpetuate the southern social order. Oral testimony from the former slave, Hannah Jones showed that there were some plantations who â€Å"†¦just raised niggers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . By examining other slave testimonies it can be seen that many slave owners decided who their slaves would be with, in order to produce the best offspring. Katie Darling, a slave born in Texas in 1849, argued that slaves didn’t court each other under the restraints of Slavery, merely t hat their masters would â€Å"†¦pick out a po’tly and a po’tly gal and jist put ‘em together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to reproduce as he needed more â€Å"stock†. This shows one of main reasons why historians have neglected the topic of enslaved courtship as they viewed the way in which slaves formed relationships to some extent as an insensitive and unemotional process, as the majority of masters’ chose partners for their slaves with little or no considerations of their personal feelings. Genovese acknowledged that in some cases; masters had a paternalistic attitudes towards their slaves and let them choose their own partner yet the process was still not regarded as a ‘romantic’ one as â€Å"if a man saw a girl he liked he would ask his master’s permission to ask the master of the girl for her. If his master consented and her master consented then they came togetherâ€Å" As a result of forced breeding, coerced relationships, and the ‘unemotional’ joining of partner as detailed in ‘white’ sources and also in a few slave narratives, Fraser concluded that â€Å"†¦courtship and the normal relationships preliminary to marriage seldom existed†. By examining more of the WPA slave narratives, however, it can be seen that this negative image of courtship was not always the case; instead one can see the importance that the enslaved placed on the creation of their personal relationships, as they â€Å"†¦sought to define the nature and shape of their own courtship experiences.† By examining the ‘courtships’ of those who were bound by slavery, historians can gain insight into the cultural and social aspects of their rituals and how the enslaved strove to meet and choose their significant other, free from the influence of their master. Within this dissertation numerous WPA slave narratives will be discussed to show the extent of personal relationships between the enslaved. However when looking into the area of courtship one must note that the majority of former slaves who partook in these testimonies were young children during the years of bondage, hence they may not have participated in courtships themselves until after slavery and historians must acknowledge this issue. However this does not mean that the testimonies are of no value as many recount the stories that have been passed on to them or those they witnessed personally, giving historians insight into how courtship was shaped within the slave community and also how the slaves strove for the autonomy to create strong relationship bonds. A perspective that many traditional historians neglected as can be seen in the previous chapter as they used primarily ‘white’ sources. Many slave owners expected to decide the timing of courtship and coupling among slaves and to constrain their slaves’ choice of partner to suit their own needs; such as keeping their slaves on their plantations at all times and producing ‘quality’ offspring destined to be the master’s future slaves and/or income. To make sure this was the case slave holders placed numerous restrictions in the way of their slaves’ courtships; time was one of the largest constraints faced by the enslaved, as Smith explains â€Å"all time on the plantation, whether work or leisure, was ultimately the master’s to bestow, manipulate and define†. With slaves spending all their time working in the fields or domestically in the masters house, even when their long day at work was over, their master still controlled what they did and even when they had to go to sleep. For example, Ex-slave Matida Mckinney explained the concept of curfews on her plantation, pointi ng out that the â€Å"†¦curfew horn was blown and no lights could be lighted after its warning not had sounded. There was very little visiting to or from the group which dwelt here, as the curfew hour was early† This shows how relatively little freedom slaves had in their day to day lives to socialise or court one another. As well as time, slave owners also restricted their slave’s mobility. The enslaved were restricted to the boundaries of their plantations. The Former slave Austin Steward points out that â€Å"Slaves are never allowed to leave the plantation which they belong, without a written pass. Should anyone venture to disobey this law, he will most likely be caught by the patrol and given thirty-nine lashes.† The enslaved had to gain their masters permission to leave their plantation, they were required to get a written pass, detailing their master’s name, the origin of their trip and their destination, and they were also required to produce this pass at the request of any white person. Not only were their ‘patrollers’ hindering slaves geographical mobility but slave owners also placed physical boundaries, such as high fences, around the perimeter of their plantations to contain and restrict slaves mobility further. Former slave Louisa Adams argues that â€Å"All de plantation wuz fenced in, dat is all de fields, wid rails; de rails wuz ten feet long† It should be noted here that the restrictions imposed on the enslaved were inconsistent throughout the Antebellum South, not just in differing states but â€Å"between slaveholders themselves; urban and rural environments and different police measures in the county†Regardless of these restrictions the enslaved managed to control their personal relationships through working around the restrictions enforced upon them by the regime of slavery. Certain social events were organised by the slave owners and occurred as part of the work regime, for example ‘corn shucking’ and ‘candy pulling’ where numerous slaves from neighbouring plantations would come together to complete a large task. Even though the slaves were working on these occasions by reviewing many of the WPA slave testimonies it can be seen that the enslaved looked forward to these events and the majority described them as ‘fun’. As well as working the slaves had the chance to engage in socialising, flirtation and courtship at these events. For instance, they played numerous courtship games such as ‘kissing for a red ear of corn’ and ‘dropping the handkerchief’ which allowed them to possibly establish a meaningful personal relationships. The former slave Anna Wright explained how these organised events offered a good place for the enslaved to meet a potential partner but also for existing couples to continue their courtship, she explained that courting couples relished these days as they could â€Å"†¦set out to play an’ court all dey pleased†. Therefore the enslaved managed to manipulate some of the terms of their working lives to their own ends. As well as these occasions, many slave owners also recognised different times of the year as holidays, during these times the usual time and mobility restrictions enforced on the enslaved were temporarily relaxed allowing slaves to move between different plantations and spend time socialising and courting. For instance for Christmas Holiday which could last anything from a couple of days to a couple of weeks, one former slave detailed that on his plantation from Christmas through to new year the slaves â€Å"†¦feast, an’ we dance, an’ we sing.† Another slave explained that at Christmas, slaves â€Å"†¦went up de riber to other plantations ter dances an’ all dem things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However it must be noted that these opportunities were completely dependent on the slave owner, who could withdraw these privileges at any time or choose not to partake in them at all. It can be seen so far that the enslaved had very little opportunity to partake in courtships, and the opportunities they had, if any, to escape being governed by their masters were seldom. Some slaves, however, resisted these restrictions which bound them and sought to have a social world separate to their plantation and thus developed ‘†¦alternative or illicit social spaces, where they socialised, flirted and courted without the presence or consent of the slave owner’. The enslaved would go to unauthorised ‘frolics’ or their significant other’s plantations without obtaining the permission of their master in order to pursue or create a courtship. For example, ex-slave Penny Williams recounted that â€Å"Dar was some nigger men what ud go courtin’ spite de debil, an’ master ain’t gibbin dem no passes dey go widout ‘em† She also detailed how regardless of the punishment bestowed on them when they were caught, they would still continue this behaviour in pursuit of love. This point was furthered by former slave Hugh Berry, who described that he would risk severe punishment to â€Å"†¦go back over there to see that girl†. By doing this the enslaved defied and resisted the systems of control, such as time and geography. In conclusion, the enslaved in the antebellum south strove to meet and court a significant other of their choosing. Slave utilised the time that their owners allowed them, such as work based event and holidays to extend the limits of their lives, but they also strove to establish romantic bonds with one another in spaces that was separate from their plantation and their master’s authority. This chapter shows the value and importance slaves placed on their courtships, so much so that they would risk a severe beating in order to pursue their love interest. Also by examining slave testimonies, one can see that courtship was a vital stage in the romantic relationships of the enslaved, despite being neglected by early academics. Chapter 3 â€Å"Jumping the broom†: Weddings and Marriage amongst the enslaved The last chapter analysed the opportunities the enslaved had to meet and court a partner of their own choosing, this chapter will look at the next stage in the romantic relationship; marriage. Slave marriages have been one of the most controversial areas of research within the topic of slavery, numerous orthodox historians viewed slave marriages as weak and unstable, Stampp believed that with all the constraints imposed on the enslaved, ‘no deep or enduring affection could develop between husband and wives’.This chapter will examine the extent to which this claim is true, focusing on the difficulties and restrictions that affected slave marriages and how the enslaved managed to overcome them. The first question this chapter will examine is opportunities that the enslaved had to get married; the southern legal system never recognised slave marriages on the grounds that property could not enter into a legal contract, slave holders would not tolerate a legal contract that would interfere with their rights to dispose of their property as they pleased, therefore early scholars concluded that marital relationships could not have existed amongst slaves. However, throughout this chapter it can be seen that this was not the case; although slave marriages were not legislated they were culturally formed and respected by the slave community. As in courtship, marriages between slaves were greatly influenced by the slaveholders; some slave owners forbade their slaves to enter in marriage at all. There were many different reasons for this, one of which being the threat to the master’s authority, for example Harriet Jacob’s master rejected her requests to wed a free black man as he thought that it would displace her loyalties to him, he asserted, â€Å"Well, I’ll soon convince you whether I am your master, or that nigger fellow you honour so highly†. Another reason for master’s forbidding enslaved matrimony, which is suggested by reviewing slave testimonies, is the practice of forced breeding as discussed in the previous chapter. A former slave recalled the application of this in her plantation; â€Å"As a rule negro men were not allowed to marry at all, any attempt to mate with the negro women brought swift, sure horrible punishment and the species were propagated by selected male Negros, who were kept for this purpose, the owners of this privileged negro, charged a fee of one out of every four of his offspring for his services† A former Texas slave, also described a less explicit way of forced breeding, where the women on his plantation were paired and forced to cohabit with a mate that their master deemed as suitable, as effective reproduction was more important to the slave owner than his slave emotions. Franklin believed that this was the case for the majority of slave women, who were forced into ‘relationships’ and pregnancy by the venality of her master, Franklin asserted this made it unlikely that slaves would ever establish a loving and affectionate bond with their significant other. Conversely, even though numerous slaves were coerced into relationships, some managed to manipulate their masters so they could be with the person of their choosing. An example of this can be seen in the testimony of former slave Virgina Yarbrough, who recalled once when her master forced two slaves together even though they were in love with others, they slept in separate beds â€Å"Twas’ bout three months aftah, de marster see thar am no chillums gwine to be bo’n, so he tuks her f’om dat fellow an’ ‘lows her to stay wid de one she laks.† However, it must be noted that this happened in the minority. By examining numerous slave testimonies, however, one can determine that the majority of slave owners did allow slaves to marry the person of their choosing, as Genevese explains most owners understood that if slaves were denied their request to marry the one they loved, they would become sullen workers and would be more likely to run away. Slave owners also allowed informal ceremonies to mark marital unions amongst slaveseven if there were not legitimate. This Chapter will now examine some of the various ceremonial rituals which took place at slave weddings; one of the most common of these rituals was jumping over the broomstick where slave couples literally jumped over a broomstick together and were then married. Historians take different views on the meaning of this ceremony; Blassingame and Gutman believed this ritual originated in Africa and was initiated by the slaves themselves. On the contrary, Stevenson argues that the broomstick ritual derived from pre-Christian Europe and was passed down generations as a quaint and amusing remnant of the past, Stevenson believes this ritual was imposed on slaves by their masters, which suggested the lack of respect and honour slave-owners held for their ‘†¦blacks attempt to create meaningful marital relationships’ By reviewing numerous slave testimonies that describe the broom stick ceremony, they tend to fit in with Stevenson’s analysis of the ceremony, this can be seen by the use of coercive language, that they were required to perform this ceremony. Again reaffirming the master’s control over slave marriages; for example Georgina Giwbs said that, ‘When yer married, yer had to jump over the broom three times. Dat wuz de licence. ’ Another instance of this can be seen by reviewing the testimony of George Womble, he describes that slaves ‘†¦were commanded to jump over the broom ’. All slave ceremonies were not as basic as jumping over a broomstick, they ranged from extravagant weddings as described in several slave testimonies, for example Tempie Durham recalled her â€Å"†¦big weddin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , where her master arranged for her to have a â€Å"†¦big weddin’ cake†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , a massive feast, a bible wedding ceremony with a â€Å"†¦nigger preacher†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a grand white wedding dress. One may question why masters would arrange elaborate ceremonies for their slaves, Stampp suggests the reason is for the white masters to mock and belittle their black ‘property’, delighting in watching ‘†¦a bride and groom move awkwardly through the wedding ceremony’. Genovese, however, disagree with this notion; instead believing that masters indulged slaves on their wedding days expecting that in return slaves would become more loyal and work harder. Regardless of the ulterior motives of masters, Willâ€⠄¢s research shows that slaves preferred the elaborate trappings of the white culture, this signifies how the enslaved wished to have the same opportunities as their white counterparts to celebrate their personal relationships For the enslaved, wedding ceremonies legitimised their personal relationships to the extent possible during their time in bondage. The value and importance of these ceremonies held by slaves; whether extravagant events held in their masters house or the simple act of jumping over the broomstick, reflect the commitment slaves held in marriage and also the importance of the communal validation of their relationships. As with so many issues vital to the enslaved, white laws and planter control inevitably limited the range of marriage options open to slaves, yet working within the range and persistently attempting to widen this range of possibilities as seen also in the previous chapter, slaves forged marriage rituals that they not their masters ultimately determined and guarded. The importance of attaining marriage status alone is not sufficient evidence however to prove that slave marriages were not weak, unstable and unaffectionate as orthodox historians suggested. Another factor which led early scholars to label slave marriages with negative connotations was the idea that slaves were sexually promiscuous, and could not remain faithful to one another, as one white slave mistress recounted â€Å"Not one in a thousand, I suppose, of these poor creatures have a conception whatever of the sanctity of marriage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is reiterated in some slave narratives, for example an former slave from Alabama explained that he couldn’t stay with the same woman instead he â€Å"†¦jes tuck up wid one likely gal ater anoder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gutman, however, argues that this was not the case and ‘†¦fidelity was expected from slave men and women after marriage’by reviewing numerous slave narratives one can see that the majority of married slaves were loyal to each other regardless of the adverse situations they found themselves in. For example, Susan Snow a former slave, recalled that she â€Å"†¦never hear’d tell o’ wives runnin’ round wid other men in dem days† Another example of the enslaved devotion to their spouse is recalled by Bryant Huff, who father was sold far away yet his mother refused to be unfaithful to him, she â€Å"†¦ grieved over his departure and refused, although urged, to marry again†. A serious problem which affected slave marriages was not the loyalty between spouses but the sexual exploitation faced by female slaves at the hands of white men usually their master, former Slave Henry Bibb explained that â€Å"slaves wives†¦ cannot be true to their husbands†¦ they dare not refuse to be reduced to a state of adultery at the will of her master† This was extremely difficult for female slaves but also their significant others who were often powerless to stop the abuse; Henry Bibb further detailed his experience of when his wife Malinda was being sexually abused by their master, â€Å"I was compelled to stand and see my wife shamefully scourged and abused by her master; and the manner in which it was done, was so violently and inhumanely committed upon the person of a female, that I despair in finding decent language to describe the bloody act of cruelty† Some male slaves attempted to protect their wives from this abuse, former South Carolina slave Philip Evans recalled how his aunt was abused by a white overseer, her husband Dennis then attacked the overseer before fleeing into the woods, he was then caught and jailed before being stripped and flogged, the abuse on his wife still continued. By assessing these two testimonies it shows historians that however difficult it must have been for slave couple to endure sexual exploitation, the fact that they did is further evidence of the strength of slave marriages and the support spouses provided to one another. Another factor which would give a historian insight into determining the strength of slave marriages; is the length of time slaves were married. An example of this can be seen by reviewing the journal of a former slave holder Chaplin who noted that two of his female slaves had been married for over twenty seven years, he found that this was a strange phenomenon but by reviewing numerous slave testimonies one can draw the conclusion that it was common for slave marriages to be lifelong unions, unless broken by separation (which will discussed in more detail further on in this chapter). This is reiterated by the work of Gutman, his study showed that the majority of slaves remained married when possible, as only 9% of slaves in his study had separated due to mutual consent or by desertion Franklin believed that the permanency of a slave marriage would depend on the extent to which the couple could live and work together, based on this he deemed that slave marriages would only work if the couple remained together on the same plantation. However, as aforementioned slave marriages could not be legitimised as it would interfere with the owner’s rights to sell or give away their ‘property’, this meant that slave marriages were under constant threat of separation either through long distance or local sales, being gifted between white family members and also when estates of deceased owners were divided up Crawford estimates that nearly a quarter of all slave families were broken by sale. Slave owners understood the value slaves held in their marriage and used this knowledge as a way to control their slaves; the threat of being separated from their spouses was the most feared punishment, ‘†¦a haunting fear which made all of the slave’s days miserable†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This overwhelming fear of being separated from their spouses shows further evidence of the importance of marital ties between the enslaved. Gutman 1970 study highlighted the strength of marital and family ties, however it has been criticised as his work only focused on large plantations where marital and family bonds would have been stronger, however it must be noted that these large plantations, where hundreds of slave presided were the exception, not the norm, Crawford’s research showed less than 50% of slaves lived on the same plantation as their significant other. The Majority of the enslaved in South were from small plantations with only a few other slaves, this meant much to their master’s dismay that they had to form cross plantation unions. These Cross plantation marriages were said to have constituted for over 33% of slave marriages, whilst these arrangements have been denigrated, work from revisionist historians have used them to exemplify the strength of marital bonds between the enslaved. Another important detail to note is that even slaves from large plantations sometimes married slaves from ot her plantations; the existence of cross plantation marriages amongst these slaves shows historians another example of the enslaved striving for autonomy from their masters. Cross Plantation Marriages were obviously harder than maintaining a relationship with a significant other on the same plantation; but despite the drawbacks, slaves went to incredible lengths to maintain their long distance relationships; for example A slave owner described how one of his slaves walked 40 miles to see his wife, only love explains his willingness to repeat this trip over and over again. Cross plantation unions also took place between free blacks and slaves, in many of these cases the free slave would attempt to purchase their significant other to no avail, however an example of the devotion held in these unions can be seen in the case of Samuel Small, a free black, who became a slave for seven years to pay for his wives freedom. Recently Russell has argued that local as well as long distance sales caused the high rates of family separations, however West believes that even though any type of separation would cause great anguish, the system of cross plantation unions coupled with the strength of relationships between spouses meant in the case of local separations the consequences may have not been so damaging. This chapter will draw attention to one final area, slave marriages once they were free; Gutman emphasised that when slaves were emancipated they went to great efforts to reunite with their families which they had been separated from. Molly Tillman recounted the anguish she felt when her master sold her husband to another state, â€Å"well ma’am, I grieved fo’ dat nigger so dat my heart wuz heavy in my breas’. I know I never would see him no more† after emancipation she still could not get over her husband until one day several years later she found him â€Å"I wuz so happy I shouted all over dat meetin’ house. We jes’ tuck up whar we lef’ off an’ ‘fo’ long us got married† they lived happily as man and wife until he died 20 years later. The enthusiasm in which slaves registered to be legally married after the emancipation shows how much they valued their marriages. In conclusion, with all the difficulties that affected matrimonial ties between slaves on can understand why many historians deemed slave marriages as weak and unstable. However, when assessing the issues faced by slaves; legitimacy, the control owners had over their slave, forced coupling, sexual exploitation and separation, the fact that the majority of slaves managed to work through these and still managed to create deep and enduring relationships show the truth strength, resilience and value of slave marriages. By reviewing numerous slave testimonies, it is clear that through their words and behaviour slaves repeatedly strove to make their marriages last, the enslaved worked strenuously within and around the power structure which restricted their lives to maintain their marriages. Chapter 4: Conclusion In Conclusion this dissertation has shown that the enslaved of the antebellum South strove for autonomy from their masters and the harsh restraints of slavery; to do this they created strong and loving bonds with a significant other. By creating their own social space to create and maintain these unions, this illustrates that slaves were able to survive and resists the oppression they faced under bondage. Slave owners constantly intruded on the lives of their slaves, believing it was their right to control every aspect of the lives of their slaves, they attempted to decide, sometimes successfully, the opportunities slaves had to meet a potential partner, the partner their slaves should be with, the type of wedding ceremony their slaves received if any, the amount of time they could spend with their significant other and finally to separate romantic unions for sales or if they saw fit. These constant impingements forced slaves to adopt what West depicted as an â€Å"underground† approach to their ‘romantic’ lives . This has been described throughout this research project, entailing secret frolics, socialising with slaves in different plantations, celebrating marriages with appropriate ceremonies, and finally risking severe punishing at the hands of their masters or the patrollers to be able to visit the one they loved. The majority of slave testimonies that have been examined throughout this research project have shown that the majority of slaves strove to marry the person of their choosing and were also prepared to withstand great hardships to maintain their marriages. This is contradictory of the early academic views on slave relationships, especially that of Elkins as aforementioned, who believed that slavery destroyed slave’s capacity to resist the regime in any capacity, and form relationships with anyone other than their master. The research for this dissertation has shown the opposite, that in fact the majority of slaves managed to create and maintain loving and enduring marriages despite the regime of bondage, this strength is further highlighted when examining the sexual exploitation faced by female slaves and how in many cases their significant other either attempted to protect them or provided love and support to shelter them from such adversity. Another noteworthy factor when acc essing the strengths of enslaved romantic bonds is that of cross plantation union, which as previously discussed shows the lengths slaves would go to be with the one they loved, including risking cruel violent punishments to see their loved ones as much as possible. As mentioned in the introduction chapter Kolchin believes that this positive perspective on slavery dismissed the hardships of the regime, believing instead the slaves in fact flourished during their time in bondage, however this is not what this project is attempting to achieve, instead it is the fact that slaves strove for autonomy to form a connection with another, which gave them a separate identity than that of a slave, embodying roles such as companion, confidante and soulmate. Indeed for the enslaved of the antebellum South, falling in love was burdened with extreme emotional and physical difficulties, even former slave Harriet Jacobs asked herself: â€Å"Why does the slave ever loveWhy allow the tendrils of the heart to twine around objects which may at any moment be wrenched away by the hand of violence† West explained that despite all the problems ‘romantic’ bonds entailed, the majority of marriages amongst the enslaved sheltered and supported them in face of adversity, these loving, affectionate, and supportive relationships created a mindset of cultural independence. Finally to end with a quote from Rawick; â€Å"While from sunup to sundown the American slave worked for another and was harshly exploited, from sundown to sunup he lived for himself and created the behavioural and institutional basis which prevented him from becoming the absolute victim† Bibliography Primary Sources Berlin, I. Favreau, M. Miller, S. F. 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